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Researchers Explore Racial Inequalities in Liver Cancer Deaths

Charles H. Hennekens, M.D., Dr.PH, senior author, and the first Sir Richard Doll Professor and senior academic advisor in ������ý’s Schmidt College of Medicine, and an adjunct professor at Baylor College of Medicine. (Photo by Alex Dolce)

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In the United States, hepatocellular or liver cancer deaths have doubled since 1979. Hepatitis C virus is the leading cause of liver cancer. Around 1998, lifesaving drugs to treat hepatitis C – prohibitively expensive for some – were approved and launched. Historically, other lifesaving drugs such as active antiretroviral drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and surfactant for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn have led to increasing racial inequalities in mortality following their introduction in the U.S.

Researchers from ������ý’s and explored racial inequalities in mortality from liver cancer before and after the introduction of lifesaving drugs for hepatitis C virus in the U.S.    

Results of the study, just published in , showed that from 1979 to 1998, racial inequalities in mortality from liver cancer in the U.S. were declining, but, from 1998 to 2016, racial inequalities steadily increased. From 1998 to 2016, of the 16,770 deaths from liver cancer among blacks, the excess relative to whites increased from 27.8 percent to 45.4 percent, and the trends were more prominent in men. Concurrently, racial inequalities in mortality decreased for major risk factors for liver cancer, including alcohol, obesity and diabetes.

The rate among blacks increased from 9.4 per 100,000 in 1998 to 16.7 per 100,000 in 2016, an increase of 77.7 percent, while the corresponding values for whites were 7.2 to 10.3, an increase of 43.1 percent. Rates among blacks age 55 and older increased by 1.7 percent per year from 1979 to 1997 and by 4.2 percent per year from 2000 to 2016. In contrast, corresponding rates among whites increased by 3.5 percent per year from 1979 to 1990, and then increased by 2 percent per year from 1990 to 2016.

“We observed steady increases in racial inequalities in mortality from liver cancer after the licensure of lifesaving drugs for hepatitis C virus in the United States,” said , M.D., Dr.PH, senior author, and the first Sir Richard Doll Professor and senior academic advisor in ������ý’s Schmidt College of Medicine, and an adjunct professor at Baylor College of Medicine.

, M.D., professor of family and community medicine at Baylor College of Medicine and an affiliate professor at ������ý’s Schmidt College of Medicine, was first author. Hennekens and Levine have collaborated on numerous peer-reviewed manuscripts for nearly five decades and previously noted similar increases in racial inequalities in mortalities from HIV and RDS following the introduction of lifesaving drugs.

The authors note that these descriptive data are useful to formulate but not test hypotheses. Among the many plausible hypotheses generated from these observations are social side effects, including unequal accessibility, acceptability and/or utilization of health care. 

“A major clinical and public health priority should be to decrease racial inequalities in mortality following the introduction of lifesaving drugs in the United States and worldwide,” said Hennekens.    

Data for the study derived from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) to describe liver cancer mortality rates from 1979 to 2016 in those 55 years of age and older, because they suffer the largest disease burden.

In the U.S., with respect to liver cancer, more than 3 million people are affected and about 17,000 new cases occur each year. Hepatitis C virus is estimated to result in 30,160 deaths (20,020 in men and 10,140 in women) this year alone. For men, liver cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths and for women, it is the seventh leading cause of cancer deaths. The overall death rate from liver cancer has more than doubled from 1980 to 2017.

Study co-authors are Maria C. Mejia, M.D., M.S.P.H.; Jason L. Salemi, Ph.D.; Sandra J. Gonzalez, Ph.D.; Muktar H. Aliyu, M.D., M.P.H., Dr.P.H.; Baqar A. Husaini, Ph.D.; and Roger J. Zoorob, M.D., M.P.H., all with Baylor College of Medicine.

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